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Charge redistribution and polarization energy of organic molecular crystals

E.V. Tsiper and Z.G. Soos

Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
We present an approach to electronic polarization in molecular solids treated as a set of quantum systems interacting classically. Individual molecules are dealt with rigorously as quantum-mechanical systems subject to classical external fields created by all other molecules and, possibly, external sources. Self-consistent equations are derived for induced dipoles and for atomic charges whose redistribution in external fields is given explicitly by an atom-atom polarizability tensor. Electronic polarization is studied in two representative organic molecular crystals, anthracene and perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA), and contrasted to previous results for systems of polarizable points. The stabilization energies of the neutral lattice, of isolated anions and cations, and of cation-anion pairs are found. Charge redistribution on ions is included. The dielectric tensors of crystals are successfully related to gas-phase properties and provide consistency checks on polarization energies. The procedure is generally applicable to organic crystals in the limit of no intermolecular overlap.

Phys. Rev. B64, 195124 (2001)
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Mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy of o-, m-, and p-terphenyl cluster anions: The effect of molecular shape on molecular assembly and ion core character.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112(25), pp.5628-5635, 2008.

Niyamakom, P.,
Influence of deposition parameters on morphology, growth and structure of crystalline and amorphous organic thin films:(the case of perylene and α-NPD [alpha-NPD]).
Doctoral dissertation, TU Aachen, 2008.

Zahn, D.R., Gavrila, G.N. and Salvan, G.,
Electronic and vibrational spectroscopies applied to organic/inorganic interfaces.
Chemical reviews, 107(4), pp.1161-1232, 2007.

Lindstrom, C.D., Muntwiler, M. and Zhu, X.Y.,
Electron dynamics at polyacene/Au (111) interfaces
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111(24), pp.6913-6920., 2007.

Ando, N., Mitsui, M. and Nakajima, A.,
Comprehensive photoelectron spectroscopic study of anionic clusters of anthracene and its alkyl derivatives: Electronic structures bridging molecules to bulk.
The Journal of chemical physics, 127(23), p.234305, 2007.

Soos, Z.G., Mukhopadhyay, S. and Ramasesha, S.,
Polar organic films: Transport gap, charge–dipole interaction and electroluminescence of tritolylamine (TTA) derivatives.
Chemical physics letters, 442(4-6), pp.285-288, 2007.

Aurel, P., Fritsch, A., Ducasse, L., Linares, M., Cornil, J., Beljonne, D. and Castet, F.,
A Valence Bond Model to Evaluate Electronic Parameters for Charge Transport in Organic Aggregates.
In AIP Conference Proceedings, 963, 2, pp.295-298, 2007.

Cosseddu, P.,
Correlation between interface-dependent properties and electrical performances in OFETs
Doctoral Thesis, University of Cagliari, Italy, 2007.

三井正明 and 中嶋敦 (Mitsui, M., Nakajima, A.)
π 電子系分子集合体の電子状態と構造の協同性に対するサイズ効果 (Size Effect on Cooperative Nature between Electronic States and Structures of pi-Conjugated Molecular Aggregates).
Molecular Science, 1(1), pp.A0007-A0007, 2007.

Iavarone, A.T., Meinen, J., Schulze, S. and Parks, J.H.,
Fluorescence probe of polypeptide conformational dynamics in gas phase and in solution.
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 253(3), pp.172-180, 2006.

Such, B., Weiner, D., Schirmeisen, A. and Fuchs, H.,
Influence of the local adsorption environment on the intramolecular contrast of organic molecules in noncontact atomic force microscopy.
Applied physics letters, 89(9), p.093104, 2006.

Gorgoi, D.I.M.,
Electronic Properties of Phthalocyanines Deposited on H-Si (111).
Dissertation, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2006.

Houili, H.,
Approches numériques du transport de charges dans les semiconducteurs organiques.
Doctoral Thesis, EPFL Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 2006.

Engel, E.,
Ultrafast exciton relaxation in quasi-one-dimensional perylene derivatives.
Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universitat Dresden, 2006.

Vázquez Melis, H.,
Energy level alignment at organic semiconductor interfaces.
Doctoral Thesis, 2006.

Painelli, A. and Terenziani, F.,
Collective and Cooperative Phenomena in Molecular Functional Materials.
In Non-Linear Optical Properties of Matter (pp. 251-282). Springer, Dordrecht. ISBN: 978-1-4020-4850-0, 2006.

Zahn, D.R.T., Gavrila, G.N. and Gorgoi, M.,
The transport gap of organic semiconductors studied using the combination of direct and inverse photoemission
Chemical Physics, 325, pp.99-112, 2006.

Salvan, G., Silaghi, S., Friedrich, M., Himcinschi, C. and Zahn D.R.T.,
Structural and morphological properties of perylene derivatives films on passivated semiconductor substrates.
Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 8, 2, pp.604-610, 2006.

Scholz, R., Kobitski, A.Y., Zahn, D.R. and Schreiber, M.,
Investigation of molecular dimers in α-PTCDA by ab initio methods: Binding energies, gas-to-crystal shift, and self-trapped excitons.
Physical Review B, 72(24), p.245208, 2005.

Tsiper, E.V.,
Polarization forces in water deduced from single molecule data.
Physical review letters, 94(1), p.013204, 2005.

Lang, N.D. and Solomon, P.M.,
Charge control in a model biphenyl molecular transistor.
Nano letters, 5(5), pp.921-924, 2005.

Abakumov, A.M., Rozova, M.G., Antipov, E.V., Hadermann, J., Tendeloo, G.V., Lobanov, M.V., Greenblatt, M., Croft, M., Tsiper, E.V., Llobet, A. and Lokshin, K.A.,
Synthesis, Cation Ordering, and Magnetic Properties of the (Sb1-x Pb x) 2 (Mn1-y Sb y) O4 Solid Solutions with the Sb2MnO4-Type Structure.
Chemistry of materials, 17(5), pp.1123-1134, 2005.

Tsiaousis, D. and Munn, R.W.,
Energy of charged states in the RDX crystal: Trapping of charge-transfer pairs as a possible mechanism for initiating detonation.
The Journal of chemical physics, 122(18), p.184708, 2005.

Tiba, M.V.,
Organo-metallic structures for spintronic applications (pp. 0437-0437).
Doctoral Thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2005.

Scholz, R.,
Organic semiconductors.
In Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics ed. by F. Bassani, G.L. Liedl and P. Wyder, pp.206-221, 2005.

Scholz, R. and Schreiber, M.,
Microscopic models for self-trapped excitons in α-PTCDA.
Journal of luminescence, 112(1-4), pp.303-307, 2005.

Gavrila, G.N.,
Electronic properties and chemistry of metal/organic semiconductor/S-GaAs (100) heterosructures.
Dissertation, Technische Univ. Chemnitz-Zwickau, 2005.

Gunther, N., Niemann, D., Barycza, M., Kwong, C. and Rahman, M.,
Electronic polarization effects on capacitance-voltage characteristics of metal-SiO/sub 2/-thin film organic semiconductor devices.
In 63rd Device Research Conference Digest, 2005. DRC'05. (Vol. 1, pp. 111-112). IEEE, 2005.

Gavrila, G.N. and Zahn, D.R.,
Energy Band Dispersion in Well Ordered N, N’-3, 4, 9, 10-Perylenetetracarboxylic diimide Films.
Proceedings of the New Trends in Advanced Materials, The West University of Timisoara, 2005.

Electron Affinities of 1,1-Diaryl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsiloles: Direct Measurements and Comparison with Experimental and Theoretical Estimates.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 25, pp.9021-9029, Zhan, X., Risko, C., Amy, F., Chan, C., Zhao, W., Barlow, S., Kahn, A., Bredas, J.-L. and Marder S.R.,

De Boer, R.W.I.,
Organic Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistors.
Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universiteit Delft, 2005.

Allen, P.B.,
Dipole interactions and electrical polarity in nanosystems: the Clausius–Mossotti and related models.
The Journal of chemical physics, 120(6), pp.2951-2962, 2004.

Bussac, M.N., Picon, J.D. and Zuppiroli, L.,
The impact of molecular polarization on the electronic properties of molecular semiconductors.
EPL (Europhysics Letters), 66(3), p.392, 2004.

Gavrila, G.N., Mendez, H., Kampen, T.U., Zahn, D.R.T., Vyalikh, D.V. and Braun, W.,
Energy band dispersion in well ordered N, N′-dimethyl-3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide films.
Applied physics letters, 85(20), pp.4657-4659, 2004.

Soos, Z.G., Tsiper, E.V. and Painelli, A.,
Polarization in organic molecular crystals and charge-transfer salts.
Journal of luminescence, 110(4), pp.332-341, 2004.

Tsiper, E.V. and Burke, K.,
Rules for minimal atomic multipole expansion of molecular fields.
The Journal of chemical physics, 120(3), pp.1153-1156, 2004.

Scholz, R., Kobitski, A.Y., Vragović, I., Wagner, H.P. and Zahn, D.R.T.,
Time-resolved photoluminescence in α-PTCDA single crystals: evidence for recombination via Frenkel excitons, charge transfer states, and excimers.
Organic electronics, 5(1-3), pp.99-105, 2004.

Tulip, P.R.,
Dielectric and lattice dynamical properties of molecular crystals via density functional perturbation theory: implementation within a first principles code
Doctoral dissertation, Durham University, 2004.

Thurzo, I., Pham, G. and Zahn, D.R.T.,
A time-domain analysis of dipolar effects in copper phthalocyanine thin films on indium–tin–oxide substrates.
Semiconductor science and technology, 19(9), p.1075, 2004.

Petelenz, P.,
Theoretical models for electro-absorption spectroscopy.
Organic electronics, 5(1-3), pp.115-127, 2004.

Terenziani, F., Painelli, A. and Soos, Z.G.,
Static polarizability of molecular materials: environmental and vibrational contributions.
Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering, 4(4), pp.703-720, 2004.

Thurzo, I., Pham, G. and Zahn, D.R.T.,
A time-domain analysis of dipolar effects in copper phthalocyanine thin films on indium–tin–oxide substrates.
Semiconductor Science and Technology, 19 pp.1075–1080, 2004.

Tsiaousis, D. and Munn, R.W.,
Energy of charged states in the acetanilide crystal: Trapping of charge-transfer states at vacancies as a possible mechanism for optical damage.
The Journal of chemical physics, 120(15), pp.7095-7106, 2004.

Thurzo, I., Pham, G. and Zahn, D.R.T.,
Charge transient spectroscopy study of dipolar effects in copper phthalocyanine.
In The Fifth International Conference on Advanced Semiconductor Devices and Microsystems, 2004. ASDAM 2004. (pp. 91-94). IEEE, 2004.

Soos, Z.G. and Tsiper, E.V.,
Polarization energies, transport gap and charge transfer states of organic molecular crystals.
Macromol. Symp., 212, pp.1-12, 2003.

Dürr, A.C., Koch, N., Kelsch, M., Rühm, A., Ghijsen, J., Johnson, R.L., Pireaux, J.J., Schwartz, J., Schreiber, F., Dosch, H. and Kahn, A.,
Interplay between morphology, structure, and electronic properties at diindenoperylene-gold interfaces.
Physical Review B, 68(11), p.115428, 2003.

Tsiper, E.V. and Soos, Z.G.,
Electronic polarization in pentacene crystals and thin films.
Physical Review B, 68(8), p.085301, 2003.

Wewer, M. and Stienkemeier, F.,
Molecular versus excitonic transitions in PTCDA dimers and oligomers studied by helium nanodroplet isolation spectroscopy.
Physical Review B, 67(12), p.125201, 2003.

Terenziani, F. and Painelli, A.,
Supramolecular interactions in clusters of polar and polarizable molecules.
Physical Review B, 68(16), p.165405, 2003.

Painelli, A. and Terenziani, F.,
Multielectron transfer in clusters of polar-polarizable chromophores.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(19), pp.5624-5625, 2003.

Mazur, G., Petelenz, P. and Slawik, M.,
Theoretical calculations of the electroabsorption spectra of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride.
The Journal of chemical physics, 118(3), pp.1423-1432, 2003.

Oszwaldowski, R., Vázquez, H., Pou, P., Ortega, J., Pérez, R. and Flores, F.,
Exchange–correlation energy in the orbital occupancy method: electronic structure of organic molecules.
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 15(38), p.S2665, 2003.

Hoffmann, M.,
Mixing of Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons and their quantum confinement in thin films.
Thin Films and Nanostructures, 31, pp.221-292, 2003.

Salvan, G.,
Metal organic inorganic semiconductor heterostructures characterized by vibrational spectroscopies.
Doctoral dissertation, TU Chemnitz, 2003.

Painelli, A. and Terenziani, F.,
Excitonic and ultraexcitonic effects in supramolecular architectures of polar and polarizable chromophores.
Synthetic metals, 139(3), pp.779-781, 2003.

Tsiper, E.V., Soos, Z.G., Gao, W. and Kahn, A.,
Electronic polarization at surfaces and thin films of organic molecular crystals: PTCDA.
Chemical physics letters, 360(1-2), pp.47-52, 2002.

Hoffmann, M. and Soos, Z.G.,
Optical absorption spectra of the Holstein molecular crystal for weak and intermediate electronic coupling.
Physical Review B, 66(2), p.024305, 2002.

Sin, J.M., Tsiper, E.V. and Soos, Z.G.,
Atomic multipolar contributions to electronic polarization in organic molecular crystals.
EPL (Europhysics Letters), 60(5), p.743, 2002.

Tsiaousis, D. and Munn, R.W.,
Effect of vacancies on the charge-transfer energy in the anthracene crystal.
The Journal of chemical physics, 117(4), pp.1833-1842, 2002.

Petelenz, P.,
Charge transfer excitons in organics.
In Organic Nanostructures: Science and Applications (pp. 1-23). Proc. of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", IOS Press, DOI 10.3254/978-1-61499-005-5-1, 2002.

Schmidt, K.,
Electronic excited states in quasi-one-dimensional organic solids with strong coupling of Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons.
Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universitat Dresden, 2002.